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Agitated saline echocardiography
Agitated saline echocardiography, or a "bubble study," is a safe, diagnostic ultrasound procedure used to detect cardiac or pulmonary shunts by injecting agitated microbubbles into a vein. It is commonly used to identify a patent foramen ovale (PFO), atrial septal defect (ASD), or intrapulmonary shunts by observing the bubbles' passage from the right to left side of the heart, often using a Valsalva maneuver to increase pressure.